IFAHAMU SIKUKUU YA KWANZAA

Sikukuu ya Kwanzaa iliasisiwa na aliyekuwa Profesa na mwenyekiti wa stadi za mtu mweusi, Dr Maulana Karenga wa chuo cha California State university mnamo mwaka 1966. Baada ya machafuko na migomo ya watu weusi mwaka 1966 huko Los Angeles, Dr Karenga Alita futa njia nzuri ya kuwarejesha pamoja watu weusi Marekani.

Alianza kwa kufanya tafiti kufahamu mazao ya mwanzo ya Waafrika na sherehe zake. Aliunganisha dhana ya sherehe mbalimbali za mavuno kutoka kabila la Ashanti na Zulu wa Afrika ya Kusini, alifanya hivi kujenga misingi ya siku ya Kwanzaa.
Neno Kwanzaa limechipuka kutoka kwenye dhana ya "matunda ya kwanza" kwa lugha ya Kiswahili. Ambapo familia na kabila mbalimbali zinasherekea kwa nyimbo na namna yao ya asili kwa ngoma, kuimba, kueleza hadithi na kwa kufanya karamu ya vyakula.

Katika kila sik, kuanzia tarehe 26/12 kila mwaka kwa muda wa siku saba mshumaa unawashwa katika kinara, ambapo mishumaa hii ina rangi tofauti kila rangi ikiwa na maana yake. Anayewasha mshumaa ni mtoto na na hapo mjadala wa kanuni moja wapo ya kanuni saba hujadiliwa katika siku yake. Kanuni hizi huitwa "nguzo saba" ambapo kwa msingi wake hujali na kuthamini tamaduni ya mtu mweusi.
Vilevile kuna alama za Kwanzaa ambazo zipo saba kilele cha Kwanzaa huwa tarehe 01/01 na siku hii huwa siku ya KARAMU. Siku hii huitwa "karamu"
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Nguzo saba za Kwanzaa

1. Umoja
Hii huwa tarehe 26/12 ya kila mwaka ambapo katika umoja jamii inakuwa katika hali ya upamoja katika umoja. Siku hii mafundisho ya masuala ya umoja hujadiliwa.

2. Kujichagulia
Hapa ni kueleza na kujipambanua wewe ni nani na kipi unakihitaji.

3. Ujima
Kuijenga jamii yetu kwa pamoja na kufanya matatizo ya ndugu zetu kama yetu na kusaidiana kuyatatua.

4. Ujamaa/uchumi wa ushirika
Kujenga na kuendesha maghala, maduka, biashara mbalimbali kwa ushirika kujenga kipato cha faida kwa maendeleo yetu.

5. Nia
Uthubutu wa kuwa tayari kujenga na kuendeleza jamii ili kudumisha utu na ukuu wa tamaduni zetu.

6. Kuumba
Kufanya kwa vyovyote vile katika ubunifu kwa namna inayofaa ili jamii inayotuzunguka iweze kudumu na kupendeza na kwa manufaa zaidi kuliko tulivyo irithi.

7. Imani
Kuwa na matumaini na watu wetu, wazazi, walimu, viongozi kuwa na tumaini katika kweli na ushindi wa mapambano yetu

The Beginning of TIme - Stephen Hawking

This  lecture  is  the  intellectual  property  of  Professor S.W.Hawking.  You  may  not  reproduce,  edit,  translate, distribute,  publish  or  host  this  document  in  any  way  with  out the  permission  of  Professor  Hawking.

 Note  that  there  may  be  incorrect  spellings,  punctuation and/or  grammar  in  this  document.  This  is  to  allow  correct pronunciation  and  timing  by  a  speech  synthesiser. In  this  lecture,  I  would  like  to  discuss  whether  time  itself  has a  beginning,  and  whether  it  will  have  an  end.  All  the evidence  seems  to  indicate,  that  the  universe  has  not existed  forever,  but  that  it  had  a  beginning,  about  15  billion years  ago.  This  is  probably  the  most  remarkable  discovery of  modern  cosmology.  Yet  it  is  now  taken  for  granted.  We are  not  yet  certain  whether  the  universe  will  have  an  end. When  I  gave  a  lecture  in  Japan,  I  was  asked  not  to  mention the  possible  re-collapse  of  the  universe,  because  it  might affect  the  stock  market.  However,  I  can  re-assure  anyone who  is  nervous  about  their  investments  that  it  is  a  bit  early to  sell:  even  if  the  universe  does  come  to  an  end,  it  won't  be for  at  least  twenty  billion  years.  By  that  time,  maybe  the GATT  trade  agreement  will  have  come  into  effect. The  time  scale  of  the  universe  is  very  long  compared  to  that for  human  life.  It  was  therefore  not  surprising  that  until recently,  the  universe  was  thought  to  be  essentially  static, and  unchanging  in  time.  On  the  other  hand,  it  must  have been  obvious,  that  society  is  evolving  in  culture  and technology.  This  indicates  that  the  present  phase  of  human history  can  not  have  been  going  for  more  than  a  few thousand  years.  Otherwise,  we  would  be  more  advanced than  we  are.  It  was  therefore  natural  to  believe  that  the human  race,  and  maybe  the  whole  universe,  had  a  beginning in  the  fairly  recent  past.  However,  many  people  were unhappy  with  the  idea  that  the  universe  had  a  beginning, because  it  seemed  to  imply  the  existence  of  a  supernatural being  who  created  the  universe.  They  preferred  to  believe that  the  universe,  and  the  human  race,  had  existed  forever. Their  explanation  for  human  progress  was  that  there  had been  periodic  floods,  or  other  natural  disasters,  which repeatedly  set  back  the  human  race  to  a  primitive  state. 

This  argument  about  whether  or  not  the  universe  had  a beginning,  persisted  into  the  19th  and  20th  centuries.  It  was conducted  mainly  on  the  basis  of  theology  and  philosophy, with  little  consideration  of  observational  evidence.  This  may have  been  reasonable,  given  the  notoriously  unreliable character  of  cosmological  observations,  until  fairly  recently. The  cosmologist,  Sir  Arthur  Eddington,  once  said,  'Don't worry  if  your  theory  doesn't  agree  with  the  observations, because  they  are  probably  wrong.'  But  if  your  theory disagrees  with  the  Second  Law  of  Thermodynamics,  it  is  in bad  trouble.  In  fact,  the  theory  that  the  universe  has  existed forever  is  in  serious  difficulty  with  the  Second  Law  of Thermodynamics.  The  Second  Law,  states  that  disorder always  increases  with  time.  Like  the  argument  about  human progress,  it  indicates  that  there  must  have  been  a  beginning. Otherwise,  the  universe  would  be  in  a  state  of  complete disorder  by  now,  and  everything  would  be  at  the  same temperature.  In  an  infinite  and  everlasting  universe,  every line  of  sight  would  end  on  the  surface  of  a  star.  This  would mean  that  the  night  sky  would  have  been  as  bright  as  the surface  of  the  Sun.  The  only  way  of  avoiding  this  problem would  be  if,  for  some  reason,  the  stars  did  not  shine  before  a certain  time. In  a  universe  that  was  essentially  static,  there  would  not have  been  any  dynamical  reason,  why  the  stars  should  have suddenly  turned  on,  at  some  time.  Any  such  "lighting  up as  buttime"  would  have  to  be  imposed  by  an  intervention  from outside  the  universe.  The  situation  was  different,  however, when  it  was  realised  that  the  universe  is  not  static,  but expanding.  Galaxies  are  moving  steadily  apart  from  each other.  This  means  that  they  were  closer  together  in  the  past. One  can  plot  the  separation  of  two  galaxies,  as  a  function  of time.  If  there  were  no  acceleration  due  to  gravity,  the  graph would  be  a  straight  line.  It  would  go  down  to  zero separation,  about  twenty  billion  years  ago.  One  would expect  gravity,  to  cause  the  galaxies  to  accelerate  towards each  other.  This  will  mean  that  the  graph  of  the  separation of  two  galaxies  will  bend  downwards,  below  the  straight  line. So  the  time  of  zero  separation,  would  have  been  less  than twenty  billion  years  ago. At  this  time,  the  Big  Bang,  all  the  matter  in  the  universe, would  have  been  on  top  of  itself.  The  density  would  have been  infinite.  It  would  have  been  what  is  called,  a  singularity. At  a  singularity,  all  the  laws  of  physics  would  have  broken down. 

 This  means  that  the  state  of  the  universe,  after  the Big  Bang,  will  not  depend  on  anything  that  may  have happened  before,  because  the  deterministic  laws  that govern  the  universe  will  break  down  in  the  Big  Bang.  The universe  will  evolve  from  the  Big  Bang,  completely independently  of  what  it  was  like  before.  Even  the  amount  of matter  in  the  universe,  can  be  different  to  what  it  was  before the  Big  Bang,  as  the  Law  of  Conservation  of  Matter,  will break  down  at  the  Big  Bang. Since  events  before  the  Big  Bang  have  no  observational consequences,  one  may  as  well  cut  them  out  of  the  theory, and  say  that  time  began  at  the  Big  Bang.  Events  before  the Big  Bang,  are  simply  not  defined,  because  there's  no  way one  could  measure  what  happened  at  them.  This  kind  of beginning  to  the  universe,  and  of  time  itself,  is  very  different to  the  beginnings  that  had  been  considered  earlier.  These had  to  be  imposed  on  the  universe  by  some  external  agency. There  is  no  dynamical  reason  why  the  motion  of  bodies  in the  solar  system  can  not  be  extrapolated  back  in  time,  far beyond  four  thousand  and  four  BC,  the  date  for  the  creation of  the  universe,  according  to  the  book  of  Genesis.  Thus  it would  require  the  direct  intervention  of  God,  if  the  universe began  at  that  date.  By  contrast,  the  Big  Bang  is  a  beginning that  is  required  by  the  dynamical  laws  that  govern  the universe.  It  is  therefore  intrinsic  to  the  universe,  and  is  not imposed  on  it  from  outside. Although  the  laws  of  science  seemed  to  predict  the  universe had  a  beginning,  they  also  seemed  to  predict  that  they  could not  determine  how  the  universe  would  have  begun.  This  was obviously  very  unsatisfactory.  So  there  were  a  number  of attempts  to  get  round  the  conclusion,  that  there  was  a singularity  of  infinite  density  in  the  past.  One  suggestion was  to  modify  the  law  of  gravity,  so  that  it  became  repulsive. This  could  lead  to  the  graph  of  the  separation  between  two galaxies,  being  a  curve  that  approached  zero,  but  didn't actually  pass  through  it,  at  any  finite  time  in  the  past. Instead,  the  idea  was  that,  as  the  galaxies  moved  apart,  new galaxies  were  formed  in  between,  from  matter  that  was supposed  to  be  continually  created.  

This  was  the  Steady State  theory,  proposed  by  Bondi,  Gold,  and  Hoyle. The  Steady  State  theory,  was  what  Karl  Popper  would  call,  a good  scientific  theory:  it  made  definite  predictions,  which could  be  tested  by  observation,  and  possibly  falsified. Unfortunately  for  the  theory,  they  were  falsified.  The  first trouble  came  with  the  Cambridge  observations,  of  the number  of  radio  sources  of  different  strengths.  On  average, one  would  expect  that  the  fainter  sources  would  also  be  the more  distant.  One  would  therefore  expect  them  to  be  more numerous  than  bright  sources,  which  would  tend  to  be  near to  us.  However,  the  graph  of  the  number  of  radio  sources, against  there  strength,  went  up  much  more  sharply  at  low source  strengths,  than  the  Steady  State  theory  predicted. There  were  attempts  to  explain  away  this  number  count graph,  by  claiming  that  some  of  the  faint  radio  sources,  were  within  our  own  galaxy,  and  so  did  not  tell  us  anything  about cosmology.  This  argument  didn't  really  stand  up  to  further observations.  But  the  final  nail  in  the  coffin  of  the  Steady State  theory  came  with  the  discovery  of  the  microwave background  radiation,  in  1965.  This  radiation  is  the  same  in all  directions.  It  has  the  spectrum  of  radiation  in  thermal equilibrium  at  a  temperature  of  2  point  7  degrees  above  the Absolute  Zero  of  temperature.  There  doesn't  seem  any  way to  explain  this  radiation  in  the  Steady  State  theory. Another  attempt  to  avoid  a  beginning  to  time,  was  the suggestion,  that  maybe  all  the  galaxies  didn't  meet  up  at  a single  point  in  the  past.  Although  on  average,  the  galaxies are  moving  apart  from  each  other  at  a  steady  rate,  they  also have  small  additional  velocities,  relative  to  the  uniform expansion.  These  so-called  "peculiar  velocities"  of  the galaxies,  may  be  directed  sideways  to  the  main  expansion. It  was  argued,  that  as  you  plotted  the  position  of  the galaxies  back  in  time,  the  sideways  peculiar  velocities, would  have  meant  that  the  galaxies  wouldn't  have  all  met up.  Instead,  there  could  have  been  a  previous  contracting phase  of  the  universe,  in  which  galaxies  were  moving towards  each  other.  The  sideways  velocities  could  have meant  that  the  galaxies  didn't  collide,  but  rushed  past  each other,  and  then  started  to  move  apart.  

There  wouldn't  have been  any  singularity  of  infinite  density,  or  any  breakdown  of the  laws  of  physics.  Thus  there  would  be  no  necessity  for the  universe,  and  time  itself,  to  have  a  beginning.  Indeed, one  might  suppose  that  the  universe  had  oscillated,  though that  still  wouldn't  solve  the  problem  with  the  Second  Law  of Thermodynamics:  one  would  expect  that  the  universe  would become  more  disordered  each  oscillation.  It  is  therefore difficult  to  see  how  the  universe  could  have  been  oscillating for  an  infinite  time. This  possibility,  that  the  galaxies  would  have  missed  each other,  was  supported  by  a  paper  by  two  Russians.  They claimed  that  there  would  be  no  singularities  in  a  solution  of bythe  field  equations  of  general  relativity,  which  was  fully general,  in  the  sense  that  it  didn't  have  any  exact  symmetry. However,  their  claim  was  proved  wrong,  by  a  number  of theorems  by  Roger  Penrose  and  myself.  These  showed  that general  relativity  predicted  singularities,  whenever  more than  a  certain  amount  of  mass  was  present  in  a  region.  The first  theorems  were  designed  to  show  that  time  came  to  an end,  inside  a  black  hole,  formed  by  the  collapse  of  a  star. However,  the  expansion  of  the  universe,  is  like  the  time reverse  of  the  collapse  of  a  star.  I  therefore  want  to  show you,  that  observational  evidence  indicates  the  universe contains  sufficient  matter,  that  it  is  like  the  time  reverse  of  a black  hole,  and  so  contains  a  singularity. In  order  to  discuss  observations  in  cosmology,  it  is  helpful to  draw  a  diagram  of  events  in  space  and  time,  with  time going  upward,  and  the  space  directions  horizontal.  To  show this  diagram  properly,  I  would  really  need  a  four  dimensional screen.  However,  because  of  government  cuts,  we  could manage  to  provide  only  a  two  dimensional  screen.  I  shall therefore  be  able  to  show  only  one  of  the  space  directions. As  we  look  out  at  the  universe,  we  are  looking  back  in  time, because  light  had  to  leave  distant  objects  a  long  time  ago, to  reach  us  at  the  present  time.  This  means  that  the  events we  observe  lie  on  what  is  called  our  past  light  cone.  The point  of  the  cone  is  at  our  position,  at  the  present  time.  As one  goes  back  in  time  on  the  diagram,  the  light  cone spreads  out  to  greater  distances,  and  its  area  increases. However,  if  there  is  sufficient  matter  on  our  past  light  cone,  it will  bend  the  rays  of  light  towards  each  other.  This  will  mean that,  as  one  goes  back  into  the  past,  the  area  of  our  past light  cone  will  reach  a  maximum,  and  then  start  to  decrease. It  is  this  focussing  of  our  past  light  cone,  by  the  gravitational effect  of  the  matter  in  the  universe,  that  is  the  signal  that  the universe  is  within  its  horizon,  like  the  time  reverse  of  a  black hole.  If  one  can  determine  that  there  is  enough  matter  in  the universe,  to  focus  our  past  light  cone,  one  can  then  apply

Data-Tanzania

The rise of Alternative für Deutschland; Alternative for Germany

Introduction 

Founded in April 2013, the party won 4.7% of the votes in the 2013 federal election, narrowly missing the 5% electoral threshold to sit in the Bundestag. In 2014 the party won 7.1% of the votes and 7 out of 96 German seats in the European election, and was a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group until AfD was expelled from that group in April 2016, following AfD's alliance with the Freedom Party of Austria and after AfD leaders made controversial remarks about shooting immigrants.

As of May 2017, the AfD had gained representation in 13 of the 16 German state parliaments. The party is currently led by Frauke Petry and Jörg Methuen.The AfD's initial supporters were the same prominent economists, business leaders and journalists who had supported the Electoral Alternative 2013, including former members of the Christian Democratic Union, who had previously challenged the constitutionality of the German government's eurozone policies at the German Constitutional Court. 

Political move

If the AfD intends to transcend its role as a protest group, it “needs to decide what sort of party it wants to be,” said Konstantin Vössing, a political scientist at the Humboldt University in Berlin. Founded as a technocratic, anti-European Union party, it no longer has a clear economic message, he said, and has not been able to seize the right flank of Merkel’s party, left open by her centrist stance on issues such as immigration, the environment and same-sex marriage.

The party’s conflicting instincts were on display last month, when Alice Weidel, a 38-year-old lesbian mother and one of the party’s two leading candidates, addressed reporters in Berlin, seeking to distance herself from the party’s harsher strains of cultural and religious nationalism. She said she welcomed migrants who integrated into German society and regretted a campaign advertisement pairing the belly of a pregnant woman with the pronouncement “New Germans? We’ll make them ourselves.”

A day earlier, the other leading candidate, Alexander Gauland, 76, told supporters that the government’s integration commissioner, Aydan Ozoguz, who has Turkish roots, could learn about national culture by coming to Eichsfeld, the district in central Germany where he was speaking.

“Then she’ll never come here again, and we will, thank God, be able to dispose of her in Anatolia,” he said, in remarks described by a former federal judge as incitement to hatred in violation of Germany’s criminal code.

The two styles create a cacophonous message — with many notes still proof, for the party’s critics, that it is beyond the pale. But the different approaches may also help the relatively new bloc cast a wide net.

The important point for some supporters is that the AfD is challenging the political establishment — and the behavioral codes it upholds. Max Naegele, a 50-year-old postal worker in Augsburg, in southern Germany, acknowledged the party’s blemishes but declared himself “sick and tired of hearing the same old story. Every day I go to work and I’m poorer than the day before.”

I But others are backing away. Uli Heinemann, a retired engineer in Anklam, a stronghold of the far right in eastern Germany, has voted for the AfD before but planned to support Merkel’s party this fall.

“I voted for the AfD because I wanted to try something different,” said Heinemann, 72. “I liked that they were against the massive influx of refugees.”

Two years later, he said, the AfD’s dire predictions have not come true. “This year, I will vote for the CDU. Mrs. Merkel is leading in a pretty clever way. She’s calm and unemotional.”

Luisa Beck contributed to this report.

Novelist John Le Carré Reflects On His Own 'Legacy' Of Spying

Tanzania GDP-Agrcultural sector

Ulinganifu wa ukosefu wa ajira Tanzania na Marekani

SAFARI ZA KUHAMA KWA wAISRAEI WEUSI WALIOPOTEA

Upande wa Kusini wa Afrika inajulikana kwa jina maarufu kama Afrika ya Juu. Ukisoma kwenye maandiko na vitabu mbalimbali vya kihistoria wanasema juu ya Misri ya Juu na Misri ya chini. Niweke wazi kuwa ukisoma au kusikia Misri yaa Juu tambua kuwa ni Misri ya Kusini na ukisikia au kusoma Misri ya Chini tambua kuwa ni Misri ya Kaskazini. Hii inatokana na jografia ya bara la Afrika. Naweza kusema kuwa moja kati ya mijongeo wa kutoka Kusini kwenda Kaskazini wa miaka ya hivi karibuni ni ule uliofanywa na Waethiopia miaka ya 1990 baada ya uliokuwa uvamizi wa Warusi nchini humo wa kumtoa utawala wa Kiebrania uliofanyika miaka ya 1960, ambapo kundi wa watu

jamii ya Falashas walitoka Ethiopia kwenda Israeli katika ilikuwa inaitwa “Operation Moses”, mjongeo huo haukuhusisha kundi kubwa la watu. Kwa kuangalia historia Wakushi waliokuwa wanakaa Kusini mwa Misri walipanda kwenda Kaskazini na kuweza kuivamia iliyokuwa Misri ya kale na kuitawala. Japo tamaduni za KiMisri ziliendelea kutokana na kuwa watu wa jamii moja na walielewana hata kwa lugha. Jamii hii ya Wakushi waliacha marejeo mbalimbali ya kihistoria japo kwa kiwango kikubwa yameangamizwa (nitafuatilia juu ya hili huko mbeleni). Ukiangalia mwenendo wa Wangoni kutoka iliyokuwa ngome ya Wanguni kuja, Msumbiji, Zambia, Malawi Kusini mwa Tanganyika katika mkoa wa Ruvuma na kwingineko, ni moja kati ya mgawanyiko wa jamii hiyo. Wangoni wanasifika kwa mbinu zao za kivita na pia shughuli mbalimbali, ila swali la msingi hapa ni kwa nini walishindwa katika mapigano katika ngome yao ya kale?


Wangoni au Wanguni ni moja kati ya watu wa jamii ya Wabantu na hawa wanaongea lugha inayoitwa Kinguni au Kingoni ambacho kimetawala kwa kiasi huko Kusini mwa Afrika. Jamii hii inajumuishwa watu wa kabil za Xhosa, Wazulu, Ndebele na Waswazi ambao wanaishi huko Swaziland na Afrika Kusini. Watu jaamii ya Wandebele wanaishi maeneo ya Zimbambwe. Baada ya kugawanyika kutoka Sotho-Tswana na Tsonga, Wangoni walikutana na wawindaji wa San jambo ambalo linaeleza juu ya sauti yao kama lugha ya “kugonga”. Wapo pia Wangoni waliokwenda kuishi huko Kusini Magharibi kwa miaka ile na kujichanganya na Waxhosa na wale waliokwenda kuishi Kusini Mashariki walibaki kujiita Wangoni/Wanguni. Kuibuka kwa Ngome ya Zulu mwaka 1815-1840, kulifanya mataifa/ makaabila mengi yaliyokuwa yameungana kuanza kusambaratika. Hapo ni hadi pale ambapo Mpiganaji na kiongozi wa Wazulu Shaka alipowashinda Wandwande ambao walikimbia kutoka Kusini Mashariki na kwenda kuelekea Kaskazini jambo ambalo lilifanya kubaki kwa kabila za Wazulu na Waswazi. Baada ya kushindwa katika mapigano Zwide na Wandwandwe; makomando wake wawili Shoshangane na Zwengendaba waliwachukua watu wao na kuelekea Kaskazini zaidi na kuenea zaidi kila wanakoelekea. Bwana Shoshangane aliweza kuanzisha utawala wake wa Shangane huko Msumbiji na Zwengendaba alikwenda Tanganyika. (Swali la kujiuliza, je Tanganyika iliundwa na akina Zwengendaba?). Zwengendaba alikuwa akitumia mbinu kama za Wazulu katika mapigano yake. Alikuwa akiwapiga mahasimu wake kisha kuwaunga na kabila lake.


Kifo cha Zwengendaba miaka ya 1840 kilipelekea kurudi nyuma kwa kuanzishwa kwa taifaa la Wangoni, ambapo  wengi walirudi nyuma kulikuwa na mgawanyiko wa makundi matano. Makundi matatu kati ya haayo yalirudi huko Malawi na kuanzisha Ufalme wao na hao wengine; makundi mawili Watuta na Wagwangara walisogea kaskazini zaidi kuingia Tanganyika. Hawa Watuta walienda kaskazini zaidi ambapo moja ya kundi lao liliweza kujichanganya na Wanyamwezi huko ziwa Viktoria na kisha kuweza kukaa huko magharibi mwa Kahama. Miaka ya 1858 Wangoni walishindwa huko Ujiji maeneo ya ziwa Tanganyika na waliokuwa wauza na watekaji wa watumwa. Pia Machifu wa Kinyamwezi walijizatiti kijeshi dhidi ya waporaji na wavamizi wa kingoni. Wakati huo huo Wagwangara walijikita naa kuendeelea huko kusini masharriki mwa Tanganyika na kuunda Ufalme mbili tofauti ambazo ni Njelu na Mshope. Hapa walikuta pia waliokuwa wanaongea lugha jamii ya kinguni kutoka Afrika kusini, Wamaseko. Wakati Wangoni wa Zwengendaba wakielekea huko Malawi hawa Wamaseko walihama kuelekea Msumbiji na kuiga baadhi ya tamaduni za watu wa jamii za hapo na kisha kuvuka Mto Ruvuma miaka ya 1840 na kisha kufika Songea. Huko walianzisha maakundi kama ndonde, Nindi, Ndendeuli, an kisha kuwaunga na Njelu na Mshope.


Mzilikazi katika kukimbia kwake kutoka kwa Shaka aliua wanaume wa eneo husika na kuchukua wanawake na kuanzisha taifa lake jipya lililoitwa Matabele. (Kwanini Mzilikazi alikuwa anamkimbia Shaka?) Mwanzoni kabisa alikaa huko kunakoitwa sasa Pretoria kisha kwenda Mosega karibu na huko Zeerust, baada ya kupigwa na Voortrekkers alikwenda Zimbabwe na kuanzisha mji wake ulioiwa Bulawayo. Kisa cha Mzilikazi kumkimbia Shaka kilikuwa kama ifuatavyo; Mzilikazi alikuwa mmoja wa majenerali wa Shaka Zulu alikuwa Mkhumalo. Wakati aliporudi kwenye mapigano alirudi naa ng’ombe wengi aliofanikiwa kupora na kuiba hivyo akajiwekea kama mali zake badala ya kupeleka ng’ombe kwa Shaka. Hili lilikuwa kosa kubwa na adhabu yake kuwa kali hadi kufa, hivyo akakimbia kutoka ardhi ya Zulu na kwenda kwenye ngome dhaifu za Manala Ndebele.

#ANTIFA: New USA political upgraded "cancer" after KKK

Introduction

Antifa is short for anti-fascists. The term is used to define a broad group of people whose political beliefs lean toward the left -- often the far left do conform with the Democratic Party platforms. It is said doesn't have an official leader or headquarters by CNN, but in real sense it has,also groups in certain states hold regular meetings. When Scott Crow, a former Antifa organizer, asked what real Antifa stands for he says the "radical ideals" promoted by Antifas are starting to be adopted by liberals, "They would never have looked at (those ideals) before, because they saw us as the enemy as much as the right-wingers." It is not well known the actual origins of the group, but Antifa can be traced way back to Nazi in Germany and Anti-Fascist Action, a militant group founded in the 1980s in the United Kingdom (CNN, 2017). 

No apologetic for Marxist violence

The primary tragedy of Charlottesville was the loss of a young woman’s life. The secondary tragedy was the distortion of our political culture. The president of the United States actually declared some portion of a collection of neo-Nazis, white supremacists, and alt-right white nationalists to be “very fine people.” He just couldn’t bring himself to completely disavow men and women who’d supported him since the day he descended down the escalator at Trump Tower.

Yet rather than doing the easiest and most sensible thing in the world — condemning white supremacy while also condemning political violence on the far left — some portion of the left-wing intelligentsia actually decided to embrace their own thugs. They supported Antifa. They decided to lionize some of the worst people in American life. And in so doing, they actually compared them to the American heroes who stormed Omaha Beach. The tweets below, as the saying goes, did not age well. The video evidence of violence is appalling. Antifa isn’t heroic. It’s brutal:

Violence by far-left protesters sparks alarm

Thousands of demonstrators carrying signs with slogans like “Stand Against Hate” descended on Berkeley’s Martin Luther King Jr. Civic Park on Sunday for what many hoped would be a peaceful march against bigotry and President Trump. But it was soon punctuated by tear gas and a scattering of violent skirmishes. Some anti-fascist protesters, wearing black and with their faces covered, chased or beat Trump supporters and organizers who had scheduled and then canceled the “anti-Marxist” rally, citing concerns over safety.

Kyle Chapman, the far-right activist known as “Based Stickman” who gained fame for his role in previous Berkeley brawls, had been listed among speakers for the canceled event, but was not seen. On Friday, during a hearing on a pending felony weapons charge related to a prior rally, a judge ordered Chapman to stay away from Sunday’s demonstration.

Other planned attendees included Augustus Invictus, a Florida-based white supremacist who attended a torch-lit rally in Charlottesville, Va., according to the Anti-Defamation League. Invictus was not seen Sunday either.

One far-right figure who did show up was Johnny Benitez, the alias of an Orange County resident who organized an “America First” rally in Laguna Beach. Protesters got into shoving matches after he appeared, with some screaming “Go home, Nazi.”

#VIDEO: Prof.PLO Lumumba excites court in presidential poll petition case

About the SHINGOPANA SONGWENSIS and lived between 100 and 70 million years

The species discovered in Tanzania 

The newly-discovered titanosaur is called Shingopana songwensis and lived between 100 and 70 million years ago (Cretaceous period).

A partial skeleton of the prehistoric creature was first excavated in 2002 and represents the first significant discovery by the Rukwa Rift Basin Project, an international collaborative effort led by Ohio University paleontologists.

Over the next few years of excavation, additional portions of the skeleton, including neck vertebrae, ribs, a humerus, and part of the lower jaw, were recovered.

“There are a couple of key anatomical features only present in Shingopana songwensis and several South American titanosaurs but that are absent in other African titanosaurs,” said team member Dr. Eric Gorscak, a postdoctoral researcher at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago.

“Shingopana songwensis had siblings in South America, whereas the other African titanosaurs were only distant cousins.”

Detailed comparison of the new titanosaur with other known sauropod dinosaurs suggests that the species found in southern Africa are certainly more diverse than previously thought.

Dr. Gorscak and colleagues conducted phylogenetic analyses in order to understand the evolutionary relationships of these and other known titanosaurs.

What they discovered is that Shingopana songwensis was more closely related to South American titanosaurs than to any of the other species currently known from Africa or elsewhere.

“This discovery suggests that the fauna of northern and southern Africa were different in the Cretaceous period,” said Dr. Judy Skog, program director in NSF’s Division of Earth Sciences.

“At that time, Southern African dinosaurs were more closely related to those in South America, and were more widespread than we knew.”

During the Cretaceous period, Shingopana songwensis roamed the landscape alongside Rukwatitan bisepultus, another species of titanosaur the same team described in 2014.

The research on the new species appears today in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.

_____

Eric Gorscak et al. The second titanosaurian (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the middle Cretaceous Galula Formation, southwestern Tanzania, with remarks on African titanosaurian diversity. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, published online August 24, 2017; doi: 10.1080/02724634.2017.1343250

This article is based on text provided by Ohio University.

KWANINI WATANZANIA WENGI SI WAHAIDHINA?

Utangulizi

Kutokana na hali ya kisiasa inavyoendelea siku hadi siku inaonekana ni wazi kuwa demokrasia haiwi kwa mfumo ambao ni chanya kwa taifa kwa ujumla. Najua wazi kuwa utashangaa na kujiuliza swali, “huyu ndugu haoni kuwa demokrasia imekuwa kwa kiasi kikubwa hivi, anafikiri nini?”. Ndio kwa macho ya kawaida mtu anaweza kusema kuwa demokrasia imekuwa kwa kiasi kikubwa kama vile ambavyo wanasiasa baadhi wanahubiri kwenye majukwaa yao kila siku. Kwangu mimi naona bado kabisa demokrasia haijawa, ndio tunaanza kujifunza jinsi ya kutumia mfumo huo kwa manufaa ya taifa. Kuna mitazamo miwili hapa; mosi ni demokrasia ndani ya chama na pili ni demokrasia kwa ujumla wa kitaifa. Nikizungumzia demokrasia ndani ya chama naanza kugusia pia mrengo wa chama husika katika siasa za dunia hii. Vyama vingi havielezi kwa undani juu ya imani yao na mrengo wao wa kisiasa wanaoufuata. Hili ndio linazaa hoja yangu na swali ambalo ndio kichwa cha habari cha hoja hiyo, “kwa nini Watanzania wengi si wahafidhina?” utasikia katika vijiwe na mitaani watu wanavyolalamika kuonewa na kudhulumiwa, utaona viongozi kukosa  nidhamu kwa wananchi, kuwa wababe, wasioambilika wala kusikia lolote la mtu mdogo. Sasa kwanza nigusie juu ya imani au itikadi ya wahafidhina (Consevatives) wengi duniani hasa katika mkondo wa kisiasa wa mrengo wa kulia (right wing):

• Nguvu ya Umma. Ukisoma na kufanya rejea za IDU (International Democratic Union) na vyama ambavyo viko kwenye umoja huo wanaamini katika nguvu ya umma (people’s power). Siasa zao mara nyingi ni za harakati na wana sera ambazo zina jikita katika kuwapa wananchi nguvu ya kufanya maamuzi. Ukiagalia nchi mfano Ghana ambapo chama kinachoongoza sasa (2017) kimo katika umoja huo.
• Kuchaguliwa na kulinda demokrasia. Wanaamini katika mfumo wa kidemokrasia wa vyama vingi unaoweka chama madarakani kwa kufuata uchaguzi wa vyama vingi. Vyama vya mfumo na mrengo wa kulia wanaamini katika chaguzi za haki ambazo zinaweka utawala wa wananchi madarakani.
• Fikra na mamlaka ya umma ndio inayotumika kupinga unyanyasaji na kutetea jamii. Kulinda na kuthamini fikra za umma ndio hutumika kupinga unyanyasaji kutokana na hii hapa ndipo ambapo mrengo wa kulia unakuwa na uhafidhina. Mfano nchini Marekani wakati ambapo aliyekuwa rais wa kipindi hicho Ndg. Ibrahim Lincolin, aliweza kusaini hati ya kuwafanya Wamarekani weusi kuwa huru dhidi ya utumwa. Pia Repulican walipitisha haki kwa Negroes kupiga kura na haki ya kusoma bila upendeleo.
• kukuza na kuimarisha uchumi wa nchi kwa kutumia raslimali za nchi. Katika zama za sasa nchi haiwezi kukua kama wananchi wake hawajakuwa kimapato. Mfano mapato mengi ya taifa hutegemea kodi inayokusanywa kutoka kwa wananchi; kama kipato cha wananchi ni kidogo ni ngumu sana kwa serikali kupata kipato ambacho ni kizuri kwa ustawi wa maendeleo. Pato litashuka kwa kiwango kikubwa sana.
• Kujenga na kuimarisha uchumi wa soko huru, utakaoheshimu na kulinda haki na mali za watu, biashara huru na sekta ya watu binafsi.  Ili kukuza soko la bidhaa katika taifa ni vyema kukuza na kuimarisha soko huria soko lenye ushindani kwa mujibu wa taratibu na maono ya kibiashara. Ushindani katika soko hujenga jamii yenye kushindana katika ubunifu na uboreshaji kwa lengo la kupata wateja wengi.
• Matumizi bora ya raslimali asilia za nchi ili zichangie kikamilifu katika pato la taifa. Matumizi bora ya rasilimali za  taifa husaidia sana katika kukuza mapato ya taifa kwa wananchi. Hii ni kutokana na miraaba ambayo itakuwa ya tija kwa asilimia nzuri. Unaweza kuona kuwa katika hili tumepwaya sana na kinaitajika chama ambacho kina mrengo wa kihafidhina kurejesha hili.
• Uzalendo na kuthamini mila na desturi za taifa. Ukiangalia katika siasa za ulimwengu, vyama ambavyo vina mrengo huu mara nyingi huwa na itikadi ya kujenga taifa kwanza paasipo kuegemea kwenye utandawazi kwa kiwango kikubwa; utaifa kwanza kwa maneno mengine. Uzalendo kwa watu wenye mrengo huu ni mkubwa sana kulinganisha na watu wenye mrengo wa shoto ambao wameegemea katika siasa za utandawazi zaidi, ambazo kwa kiasi kikubwa zinaweza kupora mali za umma na kupeleka kwa watu wa mataifa kwa jina la wawekezaji. Nieleweke vizuri hapa kwamba uwekezaji si dhambi hata wahafidhina wanataka wawekezaji katika uchumi wao ila uwekezaji huo uwe wa tija zaidi; taifa linufaike vyema kwa hilo.

Hitimisho

Kuna mengi mazuri juu ya mrengo wa kati kulia na kulia kwa umoja wake. Ni moja kati ya mrengo ambao unajali na kuthamini uhuru na demokrasia ya watu. Swali la kwanini Watanzania wengi sio wahafidhina linaweza kujibiwa kwa kutokana na historia ya siasa za hapa nchini tangu wakati wa uhuru. Wale wote ambao walionekana kuwa na nguvu katika siasa na waliokuwa wafuasi na walimu wa mrengo huo waliuliwa nguvu na kupewa sifa mbaya katika jamii. Jamii ilidanganywa na kuyumbishwa juu ya ukweli wa elimu ya siasa. Kufutwa kwa masomo ya siasa na kutokuwepo kwa mtaala thabiti wa kutoa elimu hiyo ilitolewa na kizazi kikubwa hakijapata elimu hiyo. Hata baadhi ya wanasiasa nguli na maarufu hawajui misimamo yao katika mrengo na ndio maana ni wepesi wa kupelekwa huku na huko. Wananchi wanahitaji kuelimishwa.

JE WEWE NI NANI?-4

Kufichika kwa baadhi ya historia

Ukifuatilia historia ya Tanganyika ni ngumu sana kuona mahali imetajwa kwa jina hilo la Tanganyika. Achana na historia baada ya Wazungu kugawana eneo hili na kulifanya koloni lao; nazungumzia historia yake kwa miaka ya nyuma kabisa ya karne ya kumi na nane. Utagundua kuwa katika vitabu vya kihistoria wana sema juu ya “Great Lakes Nation” au Taifa la Maziwa Makuu; wengine wanaandika Taifa la Wabantu (Bantus Nation) ambao wametokea kutokea Ethiopia wengine wanasema kutokea Kongo ambapo kulikuwa na mababu wa Punt wa huko Misri. W.E.B. Du Bois (1915), “The Negroes” anaandika na kusema kuwa Wabantu (Nilotic Negroes) walifanikiwa kupigana na kuwasukuma “Bushmen” au Hottentot (type of Negores) huko Kusini na Magharibi mwa Afrika kutoka eneo la maziwa makuu (Afrika Mashariki na Kongo) anasema kuwa Negroes walikuwa huko Ufa wa Nile (Nile valley) ambapo uzao wa pili ulichanganyika  na kuwa na damu ya Semetic (Waebrania, Wayahudi au Waisraeli) anadai kuwa kwa miaka zaidi ya 5000 KK, machotara (mulatto) wa Kimisri na Wazungu walikuwepo na walikuwa

Rais Uhuru Kenyatta wa Kenya afunga kampeni kwa sala

JE WEWE NI NANI?-3b

Hila na dhuluma dhidi ya mtu mweusi-3b

W.E.B. Du Bois (1915), “The Negroes” anaandika na kusema kuwa Wabantu (Nilotic Negroes) walifanikiwa kupigana na kuwasukuma “Bushmen” au Hottentot (type of Negores) huko Kusini na Magharibi mwa Afrika kutoka eneo la maziwa makuu (Afrika Mashariki na Kongo) anasema kuwa Negroes walikuwa huko Ufa wa Nile (Nile valley) ambapo uzao wa pili ulichanganyika  na kuwa na damu ya Semetic (Waebrania, Wayahudi au Waisraeli) anadai kuwa kwa miaka zaidi ya 5000 KK, machotara (mulatto) wa Kimisri na Wazungu walikuwepo na walikuwa wakiishi huko Bonde la Mto Nile kwenye maporomoko ya kwanza, na Negroes walikuwa wakiishi kwenye maporomoko ya pili ambao anadai kuwa damu ya Uisraeli (semitic blood) ilikuwa imechanganyika zaidi

KESI ILIYOFUNGULIWA KUPINGA KUAPISHWA WABUNGE CUF YATUPWA

#TRUMP IS A GOOD MAN

TRUMP: THE RUSSIAN STORY IS A TOTAL FABRICATION

JE WEWE NI NANI?-3

D

Hila na dhuluma dhidi ya mtu mweusi-3a

Jambo kubwa lililofanyika na Warumi ni kufuta makumbusho ya kihistoria ya mtu mweusi, mfano iliyokuwa ngome ya Chifu Mkwawa wa Wahehe ambaye alikuwa na asili ya Kiisraeli, msomi wa kubobea shujaa wa Afrika aliyekuwa na lengo kubwa la kujenga utawala mkubwa kama ule wa Kongo na Zimbabwe huko kusini akiangalia historia ya Kilwa na ndoto kubwa ya kurudisha Ufalme ule kwa njia mpya (pengine ndio Tanganyika). Ngome ya Mkwawa ilivunjwa kabisa na masalia yake yakatokomezwa kabisa vito na vitu vya kihistoria pale vikaibwa; historia inatuambia kuwa ngome ile ilikuwa ikipigwa mabomu kwa siku nne mfululizo. Kuna nadhari zinasema kwa Chifu Mkwawa hakuwa amejiua, alifanikiwa kutoroka na alienda kuishi maisha ya kawaida kwa kujificha dhidi ya Wajerumani.

JE WEWE NI NANI?-2d

Wewe kama Mwafrika-2d

Warada (Radanites) mwaka 1850, hawa walikuwa Waisraeli ambao alikuwa wakifanya biashara duniani kote na mwishoni kukaa magharibi mwa Afrika, huko Timbuktu. Na hawa Warada ni watu weusi kabisa, na kuna mbinu za kufanya upotoshaji na wengine wanawaita Waarabu weusi, jambo aambalo ni uongo mkubwa na wanazuoni wanajua kwa hoja kuwa wale ni Waisraeli. Watu wa Ghana na Ivory Coast (Ashanti Isralites) ni watu wa iliyokuwa “Ashanti Empire”, ambapo watu wa Ashanti

Je wewe ni nani?-2c

Wewe kama Mwafrika-2c

Mwaka 995 KK, Ethiopia: mfalme Sulemani na Makeda Bilqis (malkia wa Sheba) wakuwa na mahusiano na walizaa mtoto wa kiume aliyeitwa Meneleki I, ambaye alianzisha utawala wa kinasaba na wa Mfalme Sulemani zaidi ya miaka 3000 iliyopita (1000KK) ambapo walikuwa wana tamaduni za Kiyahudi na mfumo wa utawala wao, historia inatuambia

JE WEWE NI NANI?-2b

Wewe kama mwafrika-2b

Ukisoma Katika bibia takatifu utagundua kuwa ilifahamika toka mwanzo juu ya fitina na kutolewa wasia wakutokukubali kudanganywa na watu wakidai kuwa wao ndio yeye (Luka 21:8-9). Rejea juu ya habari ya Cesare Borgia aliyekuwa mwanasiasa mashughuri wa Roma miaka ya 1475-1507. Ambapo kuna tetesi kuwa picha ya sasa ya Yesu ilitokana na sura yake, Dumas, “Celebrated crimes (The Borgias)”, vol 1.

JE WEWE NI NANI?-2

Wewe kama mwafrika

Ham akiwa na nduguze(Watoto wa Nuhu)

Utajiuliza kuwa kwanini Katika historia ya mwafrika tumejikita sana kuanzia biashara ya utumwa, biashara ya kupitia jangwa la Sahara nk. Utajua kuwa kuna siri kubwa inafichwa nyuma ya pazia. Tuchimbe kuanzia enzi ya Nuhu, mototo wake wa nane aliyeitwa “Ham”ambaye kwa mujibu wa “Book of Genesis” ndiye baba wa Watu Weusi. Ham alikuwa na watoto, kwa majina walikuwa wanaitwa:

JE WEWE NI NANI?-1

Utangulizi

Kabla ya kufanya uchambuzi huu wa wazi na kujikita ndani kabisa kuna mambo ya msingi ya kujiuliza kabla ya kuchimba Zaidi, kwanza fahamu kwamba kutafuta ukweli juu ya jamii yako au dini yako sio dhambi ni moja kati ya njia ya kujitambua na kumwamini Mungu wako wa Kweli. Kama unawasiwasi sana naomba ujikaze na uwe tayari kujibu maswali haya.

Uhafidhina ni nini?-1

 Uhafidhina 

Ni falsafa ya kisiasa inayolenga kulinda, kusimamia na kufuata mila, desturi na taratibu za jamii au taifa fulani. Siasa za kihafidhina zinalenga hasa kujenga utaifa kwa kufuata sheria, tamaduni na katiba ya taifa. Masuala kama kukemea ubadhirifu, ufisadi, uonevu, unyanyasaji uvunjaji wa sheria na katiba ni moja kati ya shughuli zao. Kwa kingereza wahafidhina wanaitwa “conservatives” na uhafidhina unaitwa “conservatism” au “conservativism”. Kwa Tanzania CHADEMA ndio chama kinachofuata falsafa hii, ndio maana unaona wanavyopigana kulinda na kutetea haki za Wananchi.

Iko chini ya matengenezo

 Tutarudi hivi punde...